Description 🔉

A very rare U.S. Model 1819 Hall rifle, converted from flintlock to percussion while retaining its original full-length configuration. Overall length: 53¾". The original markings are worn and no longer visible. The rifle is in good overall condition; the breech mechanism opens properly, and the hammer holds securely at both half- and full-cock.

Hall Model 1819 Breechloading Rifle — History

On January 10, 1817, the U.S. Ordnance Department made the radical and unprecedented decision to purchase 100 of John H. Hall’s patented breechloading rifles. Hall had received his patent for a breechloading flintlock rifle on May 21, 1811. His innovative design employed a tilting breechblock containing both the centrally mounted flintlock mechanism and the chamber. Pressing a lever beneath the rifle allowed the front of the breechblock to tilt upward so that powder and ball could be loaded directly into the chamber. The block was then lowered back into position, aligning the chamber with the barrel.

The Hall rifle represented an important departure from conventional American military arms. At the time, the standard infantry long arm was the smoothbore musket, while rifles were generally reserved for specialist troops. Hall rifles were initially intended for such specialized use, but it was subsequently decided that they could also be issued to the “Light Companies” of infantry regiments. These companies commonly performed skirmishing duties and usually occupied the flanks of the line of battle.

Hall rifles were manufactured at Harpers Ferry Armory in approximately 1817, 1819, 1824–1826, and continuously from 1827 to 1840, with total production estimated at 19,780 rifles. Their markings changed during the production period. First-production rifles are generally marked on the breech in four lines:

J.H. HALL / H. FERRY / 1824 / U.S.

Second-production rifles, dated 1826–1838, are marked:

J.H. HALL / H. FERRY / U.S. / [date]

Third-production rifles, dated 1837–1840, are marked:

J.H. HALL / U.S. / [date]

Depending upon configuration and production period, the rifles generally weigh between 9 lbs. 12 oz. and 10 lbs. 4 oz.

The Hall rifle saw increasing military use during the 1830s. By April 1832, it had been decided to arm much of the 6th U.S. Infantry with Hall rifles, and the regiment employed them effectively during the Black Hawk War that year. The rifle also became particularly popular with state militias. Under the Militia Act of 1808, large quantities were distributed to the states, including nearly 2,500 during 1836 alone.

At least 18,940 Hall and contract-made Model 1819 rifles were eventually distributed to various states in lieu of their militia quotas. By 1855, states reporting Hall rifles in their inventories included Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Virginia.

The Hall rifle remained in considerable numbers when the Civil War began in 1861. Federal arsenals located in Alabama, Arkansas, Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, and Louisiana reported a combined 10,229 Hall rifles on hand. The majority of these arms subsequently fell into Confederate possession when Southern arsenals and armories were seized.

Mississippi alone possessed more than 1,300 Hall rifles at the outbreak of the war following the transfer of 1,000 rifles from Baton Rouge. Confederate troops from Mississippi, Arkansas, and Tennessee are known to have carried flintlock Hall rifles as late as April 1862. Hall rifles had therefore remained in active service for decades after their introduction. Even in 1864, the Federal Washington Arsenal reported 97 flintlock Hall rifles remaining in storage.

Percussion Conversions

With the notable exception of a single Hall rifle reportedly converted to percussion at the Mount Vernon Arsenal in Alabama in 1864, Hall rifles were not systematically converted to percussion in Federal arsenals before the Civil War. During the war, however, substantial numbers were altered from their original flintlock configuration.

Federal workers ultimately converted at least 5,000 Hall rifles to percussion. Because the government regarded them as fourth-class arms by this period, relatively few of these converted rifles appear to have been issued for active service.

The U.S. Ordnance Department also purchased an additional 1,575 Hall rifles that had been privately converted to percussion during 1861. These rifles were sent to the Washington Arsenal but apparently were never issued.

There is anecdotal evidence that Berdan’s U.S. Sharpshooters possessed a small number of Hall rifles while stationed in Washington, D.C., during the autumn of 1861, although they appear to have disposed of them before departing for the front.

Individual states also undertook their own conversion programs. New Hampshire issued 300 converted Hall rifles to its 3rd Infantry Regiment. Mississippi converted approximately 1,000 Hall rifles during July 1861. Toward the end of that year, North Carolina converted 448 Hall rifles to percussion and shortened their barrels for cavalry use; an additional 70 rifles were converted without having their barrels shortened.

Consequently, the Hall rifle had an unusually long military life. Introduced as an innovative flintlock breechloader during an era dominated by muzzleloading muskets, it served in the Black Hawk War, was distributed extensively to state militias, and remained available in sufficient numbers to see service on both sides during the American Civil War. Its distinctive breechloading mechanism and lengthy service history make the Hall one of the most significant early American military firearms.

Digital Shop Viewer

Seller Details